Boston Red Sox — 2026 Topps Update Series Baseball Checklist

The Boston Red Sox have 182 unique cards in 2026 Topps Update Series Baseball across 50 players. Roman Anthony leads the team with 24 cards, followed by Jake Bennett with 18. The Sox checklist includes 19 autograph subjects, 13 rookies, and cards from 239 distinct card sets. SSP short prints are tracked for Roman Anthony, Babe Ruth, Connelly Early, and Cy Young.

The complete 2026 Topps Update Series Baseball checklist with team-by-team card, auto, and SSP breakdowns. Use the filters and sort controls to quickly identify teams with the most hit value for your break budget.

← Checklist Home Box Odds Breakdown Official pack odds captured Nov 5, 2026 Download SSP Cheat SheetPrintable team-by-team SSP field guide

Boston Red Sox Overview

The 2026 Topps Update Series Baseball Boston Red Sox checklist tracked on Savvy Collecting spans 182 unique cards (parallels collapsed), 50 players, 94 rookie cards, 37 autographs, and 11 short prints. Below you'll find every Boston Red Sox player, their rookie cards, autographs, and short prints (SSPs) — plus the complete card-by-card checklist for the team.

Notable Boston Red Sox autograph signers in 2026 Topps Update Series Baseball include Connelly Early, Dustin Pedroia, Garrett Crochet, Jake Bennett, and Ceddanne Rafaela. Filter the checklist to autographs to see every signed Boston Red Sox card.

On the chase side, the scarcest Boston Red Sox cards come from short-printed sets such as Golden Mirror Legend Variations, All Aces, All Aces Gold (/1), All Kings, All Kings Gold (/1), and Base Card Rookie 1952 Variation.

The most-collected Boston Red Sox players in this product are Roman Anthony, Jake Bennett, Willson Contreras, Payton Tolle, and Sonny Gray. Open any player to see their full card list, or use the player comparison tool to weigh two Boston Red Sox players side by side.

182Unique Cards
1.4KCards
50Players
94Rookie Cards
37Autographs
11SSP Cards
239Card Sets
When both are active, shows cards with autographs or SSP versions. –

Expand a team or subject group to reveal its subjects and card entries — no extra taps. Counts show unique cards, with parallels collapsed. Cards shared by teams count once in product totals. All Cards groups identities by their primary card family. Choose View on any card to open its parallels, odds and eBay listings directly.

Boston Red Sox 182

182 unique cards · 1405 appearances including parallels Team page →

1960 Topps Carl Yazstremski #148 Graded

1 unique card · 1 version
  • — 1960 Topps Carl Yazstremski #148 GradedBoston Red Sox Iconic Buyback Redemption Cards

1983 Topps Wade Boggs #498 Graded

1 unique card · 1 version
  • — 1983 Topps Wade Boggs #498 GradedBoston Red Sox Iconic Buyback Redemption Cards

1985 Topps Roger Clemens #181 Graded

1 unique card · 1 version
  • — 1985 Topps Roger Clemens #181 GradedBoston Red Sox Iconic Buyback Redemption Cards

Adley Rutschman

1 unique card · 1 version
  • US254 Adley RutschmanBoston Red Sox Base Card Traded Player SP

Alec Gamboa

2 unique cards · 48 versions
  • US98 Alec GamboaBoston Red Sox Base
  • US98 Alec GamboaBoston Red Sox Base Golden Mirror

Alex Bregman

1 unique card · 8 versions
  • 135 Alex BregmanBoston Red Sox Flagship Real One Autograph Cards Includes Auto

Andruw Monasterio

1 unique card · 1 version
  • USA250-AMO Andruw MonasterioBoston Red Sox USA 250 Patch Relic Redemptions

Anthony Seigler

1 unique card · 1 version
  • USA250-AS Anthony SeiglerBoston Red Sox USA 250 Patch Relic Redemptions

Aroldis Chapman

2 unique cards · 7 versions
  • AS-AC Aroldis ChapmanBoston Red Sox All Star Stitches Cards
  • USA250-ACN Aroldis ChapmanBoston Red Sox USA 250 Patch Relic Redemptions

Aubry Bracco

2 unique cards · 15 versions
  • FPU-4 Aubry BraccoBoston Red Sox First Pitch
  • FPA-AB Aubry BraccoBoston Red Sox First Pitch Autograph Includes Auto

Babe Ruth

1 unique card · 1 version
  • US290 Babe RuthBoston Red Sox Golden Mirror Legend Variations Includes SSP

Caleb Durbin

4 unique cards · 55 versions
  • US73 Caleb DurbinBoston Red Sox Base
  • US73 Caleb DurbinBoston Red Sox Base Golden Mirror
  • US73 Caleb DurbinBoston Red Sox Real One Relics
  • USA250-CDU Caleb DurbinBoston Red Sox USA 250 Patch Relic Redemptions

Carlos Narváez

1 unique card · 1 version
  • USA250-CN Carlos NarváezBoston Red Sox USA 250 Patch Relic Redemptions

Carlton Fisk

1 unique card · 1 version
  • HL2-CFI Carlton FiskBoston Red Sox Heavy Lumber Autograph Relics Includes Auto

Ceddanne Rafaela

6 unique cards · 33 versions
  • ASG-34 Ceddanne RafaelaBoston Red Sox 2026 All Star Game
  • ASG-34 Ceddanne RafaelaBoston Red Sox 2026 All Star Game Autograph Includes Auto
  • MLMU-CRF Ceddanne RafaelaBoston Red Sox Major League Material Cards
  • MLMU-CRF Ceddanne RafaelaBoston Red Sox Major League Material Cards Autograph Includes Auto
  • TFAP2-CRA Ceddanne RafaelaBoston Red Sox Topps Flagship Autograph Patch Cards Includes Auto
  • USA250-CR Ceddanne RafaelaBoston Red Sox USA 250 Patch Relic Redemptions

Connelly Early

9 unique cards · 89 versions
  • 91B2-CE Connelly EarlyBoston Red Sox 1991 Topps Baseball Autographs Cards Includes Auto
  • 91RU-CEY Connelly EarlyBoston Red Sox 1991 Topps Baseball Relic Cards
  • AA-26 Connelly EarlyBoston Red Sox All Aces Includes SSP
  • US285 Connelly EarlyBoston Red Sox Base
  • US285 Connelly EarlyBoston Red Sox Base Golden Mirror
  • BSA2-CE Connelly EarlyBoston Red Sox Baseball Stars Autographs Includes Auto
  • 501 Connelly EarlyBoston Red Sox Flagship Real One Golden Mirror Autograph Cards Includes Auto
  • MLMU-CE Connelly EarlyBoston Red Sox Major League Material Cards
  • MLMU-CE Connelly EarlyBoston Red Sox Major League Material Cards Autograph Includes Auto

Connor Wong

3 unique cards · 49 versions
  • US110 Connor WongBoston Red Sox Base
  • US110 Connor WongBoston Red Sox Base Golden Mirror
  • USA250-CWN Connor WongBoston Red Sox USA 250 Patch Relic Redemptions

Cy Young

1 unique card · 1 version
  • US199 Cy YoungBoston Red Sox Golden Mirror Legend Variations Includes SSP

Dustin Pedroia

5 unique cards · 24 versions
  • 91AS-DP Dustin PedroiaBoston Red Sox 1991 Topps Baseball All-Star Autos Includes Auto
  • 91A-DP Dustin PedroiaBoston Red Sox 1991 Topps Baseball Autographs Cards Includes Auto
  • 75YA-DP Dustin PedroiaBoston Red Sox 75 Years Of Topps Die Cut Autographs Includes Auto
  • US87 Dustin PedroiaBoston Red Sox Golden Mirror Legend Variations Includes SSP
  • HL2-DP Dustin PedroiaBoston Red Sox Heavy Lumber Autograph Relics Includes Auto

Eduardo Rivera

7 unique cards · 59 versions
  • US324 Eduardo RiveraBoston Red Sox Base
  • US324 Eduardo RiveraBoston Red Sox Base Clear Variation
  • US324 Eduardo RiveraBoston Red Sox Base Golden Mirror
  • US324 Eduardo RiveraBoston Red Sox Base Vintage Stock Variation
  • US324 Eduardo RiveraBoston Red Sox Team Color Border Variations
  • US324 Eduardo RiveraBoston Red Sox True Photo Variations
  • US324 Eduardo RiveraBoston Red Sox Value Box Holiday Base Card Variation

Garrett Crochet

4 unique cards · 19 versions
  • 91AS-GC Garrett CrochetBoston Red Sox 1991 Topps Baseball All-Star Autos Includes Auto
  • 53 Garrett CrochetBoston Red Sox Flagship Real One Golden Mirror Autograph Cards Includes Auto
  • PPA-GC Garrett CrochetBoston Red Sox Postseason Performance Autographs Includes Auto
  • TFAP2-GC Garrett CrochetBoston Red Sox Topps Flagship Autograph Patch Cards Includes Auto

Garrett Whitlock

3 unique cards · 49 versions
  • US4 Garrett WhitlockBoston Red Sox Base
  • US4 Garrett WhitlockBoston Red Sox Base Golden Mirror
  • USA250-GWK Garrett WhitlockBoston Red Sox USA 250 Patch Relic Redemptions

Jack Anderson

2 unique cards · 48 versions
  • US146 Jack AndersonBoston Red Sox Base
  • US146 Jack AndersonBoston Red Sox Base Golden Mirror

Jake Bennett

18 unique cards · 146 versions
  • U91-18 Jake BennettBoston Red Sox 1991 Topps Baseball
  • U91C-100 Jake BennettBoston Red Sox 1991 Topps Baseball Chrome Base Cards
  • U91C-100 Jake BennettBoston Red Sox 1991 Topps Baseball Chrome Base Cards Autograph Includes Auto
  • US302 Jake BennettBoston Red Sox Base
  • US341 Jake BennettBoston Red Sox Base
  • US302 Jake BennettBoston Red Sox Base Card Rookie 1952 Autograph Variation Includes Auto
  • US302 Jake BennettBoston Red Sox Base Card Rookie 1952 Variation Includes SSP
  • US302 Jake BennettBoston Red Sox Base Clear Variation
  • US302 Jake BennettBoston Red Sox Base Golden Mirror
  • US341 Jake BennettBoston Red Sox Base Golden Mirror
  • US302 Jake BennettBoston Red Sox Base Vintage Stock Variation
  • BSAU-JBT Jake BennettBoston Red Sox Baseball Stars Autographs Includes Auto
  • US302 Jake BennettBoston Red Sox Companion Card
  • US302 Jake BennettBoston Red Sox Flagship Real One Autograph Cards Includes Auto
  • US302 Jake BennettBoston Red Sox Oversized 2026 Base Card
  • US302 Jake BennettBoston Red Sox Team Color Border Variations
  • US302 Jake BennettBoston Red Sox True Photo Variations
  • US302 Jake BennettBoston Red Sox Value Box Holiday Base Card Variation

Jason Varitek

3 unique cards · 10 versions
  • 91AS-JVA Jason VaritekBoston Red Sox 1991 Topps Baseball All-Star Autos Includes Auto
  • US110 Jason VaritekBoston Red Sox Golden Mirror Legend Variations Includes SSP
  • HL2-JV Jason VaritekBoston Red Sox Heavy Lumber Autograph Relics Includes Auto

Jedixson Paez

2 unique cards · 48 versions
  • US202 Jedixson PaezBoston Red Sox Base
  • US202 Jedixson PaezBoston Red Sox Base Golden Mirror

Jim Rice

1 unique card · 1 version
  • US208 Jim RiceBoston Red Sox Golden Mirror Legend Variations Includes SSP

Kristian Campbell/Roman Anthony

1 unique card · 5 versions
  • MLMDA-CAN Kristian Campbell/Roman AnthonyBoston Red Sox Major League Material Dual Auto Includes Auto

Manny Ramirez

1 unique card · 1 version
  • HLAR-MR Manny RamirezBoston Red Sox Heavy Lumber Autograph Relics Includes Auto

Masataka Yoshida

2 unique cards · 2 versions
  • — Masataka YoshidaBoston Red Sox Fanatics Authentic Redemption Cards
  • USA250-MY Masataka YoshidaBoston Red Sox USA 250 Patch Relic Redemptions

Nomar Garciaparra

1 unique card · 1 version
  • US73 Nomar GarciaparraBoston Red Sox Golden Mirror Legend Variations Includes SSP

Payton Tolle

12 unique cards · 104 versions
  • U91-21 Payton TolleBoston Red Sox 1991 Topps Baseball
  • 91B2-PT Payton TolleBoston Red Sox 1991 Topps Baseball Autographs Cards Includes Auto
  • 91RU-PT Payton TolleBoston Red Sox 1991 Topps Baseball Relic Cards
  • US133 Payton TolleBoston Red Sox Base
  • US133 Payton TolleBoston Red Sox Base Golden Mirror
  • US133 Payton TolleBoston Red Sox Base Vintage Stock Variation
  • 15 Payton TolleBoston Red Sox Flagship Real One Golden Mirror Autograph Cards Includes Auto
  • MLMU-PT Payton TolleBoston Red Sox Major League Material Cards
  • RRR-PT Payton TolleBoston Red Sox Rising Rookie Relic Cards
  • US133 Payton TolleBoston Red Sox Team Color Border Variations
  • USA250-PT Payton TolleBoston Red Sox USA 250 Patch Relic Redemptions
  • US133 Payton TolleBoston Red Sox Value Box Holiday Base Card Variation

Pedro Martinez

1 unique card · 6 versions
  • 75YA-PM Pedro MartinezBoston Red Sox 75 Years Of Topps Die Cut Autographs Includes Auto

Ranger Suarez

1 unique card · 1 version
  • USA250-RS Ranger SuarezBoston Red Sox USA 250 Patch Relic Redemptions

Ranger Suárez

1 unique card · 8 versions
  • 91AU-RSZ Ranger SuárezBoston Red Sox 1991 Topps Baseball Autographs Cards Includes Auto

Roger Clemens

3 unique cards · 3 versions
  • U91C-78 Roger ClemensBoston Red Sox 1991 Topps Baseball Chrome Base Cards
  • U91C-78 Roger ClemensBoston Red Sox 1991 Topps Baseball Chrome Base Cards Autograph Includes Auto
  • SZH-13 Roger ClemensBoston Red Sox Strike Zone Heroes

Roman Anthony

24 unique cards · 132 versions
  • U91-46 Roman AnthonyBoston Red Sox 1991 Topps Baseball
  • 91AU-RAN Roman AnthonyBoston Red Sox 1991 Topps Baseball Autographs Cards Includes Auto
  • U91C-27 Roman AnthonyBoston Red Sox 1991 Topps Baseball Chrome Base Cards
  • U91C-27 Roman AnthonyBoston Red Sox 1991 Topps Baseball Chrome Base Cards Autograph Includes Auto
  • 91RU-RA Roman AnthonyBoston Red Sox 1991 Topps Baseball Relic Cards
  • US194 Roman AnthonyBoston Red Sox Base
  • US194 Roman AnthonyBoston Red Sox Base Clear Variation
  • US194 Roman AnthonyBoston Red Sox Base Golden Mirror
  • US194 Roman AnthonyBoston Red Sox Base Vintage Stock Variation
  • — Roman AnthonyBoston Red Sox Fanatics Authentic Redemption Cards
  • 189 Roman AnthonyBoston Red Sox Flagship Real One Golden Mirror Autograph Cards Includes Auto
  • MLMU-RA Roman AnthonyBoston Red Sox Major League Material Cards
  • MSAC-15 Roman AnthonyBoston Red Sox Matt Szczur Art Cards Includes SSP
  • MYS-7 Roman AnthonyBoston Red Sox Mystical Includes SSP
  • U91O-10 Roman AnthonyBoston Red Sox Oversized 1991 Topps Baseball Card
  • RRR-RA Roman AnthonyBoston Red Sox Rising Rookie Relic Cards
  • RS-1 Roman AnthonyBoston Red Sox Rookie Sensations
  • SS-25 Roman AnthonyBoston Red Sox Stat Stars
  • US194 Roman AnthonyBoston Red Sox Team Color Border Variations
  • 49 Roman AnthonyBoston Red Sox The Flagship Collection Base Cards
  • 49 Roman AnthonyBoston Red Sox The Flagship Collection Chrome Base Cards
  • BG-1 Roman AnthonyBoston Red Sox Topps Black Gold
  • US194 Roman AnthonyBoston Red Sox True Photo Variations
  • US194 Roman AnthonyBoston Red Sox Value Box Holiday Base Card Variation

Roman Anthony/Willson Contreras

7 unique cards · 59 versions
  • US247 Roman Anthony/Willson ContrerasBoston Red Sox Base
  • US247 Roman Anthony/Willson ContrerasBoston Red Sox Base Clear Variation
  • US247 Roman Anthony/Willson ContrerasBoston Red Sox Base Golden Mirror
  • US247 Roman Anthony/Willson ContrerasBoston Red Sox Base Vintage Stock Variation
  • US247 Roman Anthony/Willson ContrerasBoston Red Sox Team Color Border Variations
  • US247 Roman Anthony/Willson ContrerasBoston Red Sox True Photo Variations
  • US247 Roman Anthony/Willson ContrerasBoston Red Sox Value Box Holiday Base Card Variation

Ryan Ward/Payton Tolle

2 unique cards · 2 versions
  • US62 Ryan Ward/Payton TolleBoston Red Sox · Los Angeles Dodgers Base Clear Variation
  • US62 Ryan Ward/Payton TolleBoston Red Sox · Los Angeles Dodgers True Photo Variations

Ryan Watson

2 unique cards · 48 versions
  • US208 Ryan WatsonBoston Red Sox Base
  • US208 Ryan WatsonBoston Red Sox Base Golden Mirror

Sonny Gray

11 unique cards · 63 versions
  • U91C-17 Sonny GrayBoston Red Sox 1991 Topps Baseball Chrome Base Cards
  • US199 Sonny GrayBoston Red Sox Base
  • US199 Sonny GrayBoston Red Sox Base Clear Variation
  • US199 Sonny GrayBoston Red Sox Base Golden Mirror
  • US199 Sonny GrayBoston Red Sox Base Vintage Stock Variation
  • US199 Sonny GrayBoston Red Sox Team Color Border Variations
  • 77 Sonny GrayBoston Red Sox The Flagship Collection Base Cards
  • 77 Sonny GrayBoston Red Sox The Flagship Collection Chrome Base Cards
  • US199 Sonny GrayBoston Red Sox True Photo Variations
  • USA250-SG Sonny GrayBoston Red Sox USA 250 Patch Relic Redemptions
  • US199 Sonny GrayBoston Red Sox Value Box Holiday Base Card Variation

Tanner Houck

1 unique card · 8 versions
  • 91B2-TH Tanner HouckBoston Red Sox 1991 Topps Baseball Autographs Cards Includes Auto

Ted Williams

1 unique card · 2 versions
  • AK-44 Ted WilliamsBoston Red Sox All Kings Includes SSP

Tsung-Che Cheng

1 unique card · 1 version
  • USA250-TC Tsung-Che ChengBoston Red Sox USA 250 Patch Relic Redemptions

Tyler Samaniego

2 unique cards · 48 versions
  • US207 Tyler SamaniegoBoston Red Sox Base
  • US207 Tyler SamaniegoBoston Red Sox Base Golden Mirror

Tyler Uberstine

3 unique cards · 56 versions
  • US90 Tyler UberstineBoston Red Sox Base
  • US90 Tyler UberstineBoston Red Sox Base Golden Mirror
  • BSAU-TU Tyler UberstineBoston Red Sox Baseball Stars Autographs Includes Auto

Wade Boggs

2 unique cards · 2 versions
  • — Wade BoggsBoston Red Sox Fanatics Authentic Redemption Cards
  • HL2-WBO Wade BoggsBoston Red Sox Heavy Lumber Autograph Relics Includes Auto

Willson Contreras

16 unique cards · 86 versions
  • U91C-18 Willson ContrerasBoston Red Sox 1991 Topps Baseball Chrome Base Cards
  • ASG-31 Willson ContrerasBoston Red Sox 2026 All Star Game
  • AS-WC Willson ContrerasBoston Red Sox All Star Stitches Cards
  • US290 Willson ContrerasBoston Red Sox Base
  • US290 Willson ContrerasBoston Red Sox Base Clear Variation
  • US290 Willson ContrerasBoston Red Sox Base Golden Mirror
  • US290 Willson ContrerasBoston Red Sox Base Vintage Stock Variation
  • US290 Willson ContrerasBoston Red Sox Companion Card
  • US290 Willson ContrerasBoston Red Sox Oversized 2026 Base Card
  • US290 Willson ContrerasBoston Red Sox Real One Relics
  • US290 Willson ContrerasBoston Red Sox Team Color Border Variations
  • 62 Willson ContrerasBoston Red Sox The Flagship Collection Base Cards
  • 62 Willson ContrerasBoston Red Sox The Flagship Collection Chrome Base Cards
  • US290 Willson ContrerasBoston Red Sox True Photo Variations
  • USA250-WC Willson ContrerasBoston Red Sox USA 250 Patch Relic Redemptions
  • US290 Willson ContrerasBoston Red Sox Value Box Holiday Base Card Variation

Wilyer Abreu

1 unique card · 1 version
  • USA250-WA Wilyer AbreuBoston Red Sox USA 250 Patch Relic Redemptions

Zack Kelly

2 unique cards · 48 versions
  • US87 Zack KellyBoston Red Sox Base
  • US87 Zack KellyBoston Red Sox Base Golden Mirror

Boston Red Sox Rookies

Roman Anthony 24 Jake Bennett 18 Payton Tolle 12 Connelly Early 9 Eduardo Rivera 7 Roman Anthony/Willson Contreras 7 Tyler Uberstine 3 Alec Gamboa 2 Jack Anderson 2 Jedixson Paez 2 Ryan Ward/Payton Tolle 2 Ryan Watson 2

Autograph Signers

Connelly Early 4 Dustin Pedroia 4 Garrett Crochet 4 Jake Bennett 4 Ceddanne Rafaela 3 Roman Anthony 3 Jason Varitek 2 Payton Tolle 2 Alex Bregman 1 Aubry Bracco 1 Carlton Fisk 1 Kristian Campbell/Roman Anthony 1

Featured Boston Red Sox Players

Roman Anthony 24 Jake Bennett 18 Willson Contreras 16 Payton Tolle 12 Sonny Gray 11 Connelly Early 9 Eduardo Rivera 7 Roman Anthony/Willson Contreras 7 Ceddanne Rafaela 6 Dustin Pedroia 5 Caleb Durbin 4 Garrett Crochet 4

Top Boston Red Sox SSPs & Case Hits

Complete Boston Red Sox Checklist

The full card-by-card Boston Red Sox checklist for 2026 Topps Update Series Baseball is listed above — every player, set, parallel, and short print. Switch to All Cards for a flat, filterable list.

View Boston Red Sox checklist ↑ Compare Boston Red Sox players →

Boston Red Sox FAQ

How many Boston Red Sox cards are in 2026 Topps Update Series Baseball?

Savvy Collecting tracks 182 unique Boston Red Sox cards (parallels collapsed) across 50 players in the 2026 Topps Update Series Baseball checklist, including base cards, inserts, parallels, short prints, and autographs.

How many Boston Red Sox rookie cards are in 2026 Topps Update Series Baseball?

There are 94 Boston Red Sox rookie cards in the 2026 Topps Update Series Baseball checklist tracked here, highlighted in purple.

Which Boston Red Sox players have autographs in 2026 Topps Update Series Baseball?

Boston Red Sox autograph signers include Connelly Early, Dustin Pedroia, Garrett Crochet, Jake Bennett, Ceddanne Rafaela, and Roman Anthony. Filter the team to autographs to see every signed card.

What are the Boston Red Sox SSPs and short prints in 2026 Topps Update Series Baseball?

The scarcest Boston Red Sox short prints in 2026 Topps Update Series Baseball come from sets such as Golden Mirror Legend Variations, All Aces, All Aces Gold (/1), All Kings, All Kings Gold (/1), Base Card Rookie 1952 Variation, Matt Szczur Art Cards, and Mystical.

How do I compare Boston Red Sox players?

Use the Compare Players tool to line up any two players side by side across products and years — checklist depth, autographs, and short prints — to judge break value.

More 2026 Topps Update Series Baseball Teams

Los Angeles Dodgers 193 cards New York Yankees 184 cards Philadelphia Phillies 182 cards Chicago White Sox 178 cards New York Mets 162 cards Toronto Blue Jays 156 cards Pittsburgh Pirates 155 cards Atlanta Braves 153 cards Baltimore Orioles 135 cards Cleveland Guardians 135 cards Detroit Tigers 129 cards Los Angeles Angels 129 cards

Tools & Hubs

All 2026 Topps Update Series Baseball Teams Compare Players All 2026 Products

SSP labels group rare inserts curated by Savvy. See sources and classification for checklist grouping, parallel availability, source corrections, and format differences.